Zinthu Zakale Zimasonyeza Kuti Baibulo Ndi Lolondola

ZINTHU zakale n’zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ophunzira Baibulo chifukwa zimathandiza kudziwa za chikhalidwe, chinenero, ndiponso moyo wa anthu m’nthawi za Baibulo. Zinthu zakale zimathandizanso kwambiri kumvetsa mmene ulosi wa m’Baibulo, monga wonena za kugonjetsedwa kwa Babulo, Nineve, ndi Turo, unakwaniritsidwira. (Yeremiya 51:37; Ezekieli 26:4, 12; Zefaniya 2:13-15) Koma sayansi ya zinthu zakale ili ndi malire ake chifukwa zinthu zakale pazokha sizilankhula. Ndipo nthawi zina asayansi amalephera kunena zolondola zokhudza zinthu zakale zimene apeza.

Kuti Mkhristu akhale ndi chikhulupiriro sizidalira zinthu zakale monga zidutswa za miphika, maduka a njerwa ndi makoma ogumuka, zimene asayansi amapeza, koma zimadalira kudziwa mfundo za choonadi zogwirizana zomwe zili m’Baibulo. (2 Akorinto 5:7; Aheberi 11:1) Kunena zoona, pali umboni wokwanira wakuti “Malemba onse anawauzira ndi Mulungu.” (2 Timoteyo 3:16) Mwachitsanzo, Baibulo limanena zoona zokhazokha, nkhani zake n’zogwirizana, ndipo ulosi wake umakwaniritsidwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, tiyeni tione umboni wochititsa chidwi wa zinthu zakale wotsimikizira kuti nkhani za m’Baibulo ndi zolondola.

Gulu la akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale linafukula bwinja lina ku Yerusalemu mu 1970. Munthu yemwe ankatsogolera ntchitoyi, dzina lake Nahman Avigad, anati: “Kwa munthu wophunzira za zinthu zakale, zimene zinachitika zinali zodziwikiratu. Nyumbayo inapsa ndi moto ndipo zipupa ndi denga lake zinagwa.” M’chipinda chimodzi munali mafupa [chithunzi 1] a mkono wa munthu atatambasula dzanja ngati akufuna kugwira masitepe.

Pansi pake panali mbwee ndalama zachitsulo [chithunzi 2], ndipo ndalama yatsopanoko inali ya chaka cha 69 C.E., chomwe chinali chaka chachinayi kuyambira pamene Ayuda anaukira ufumu wa Roma. Zinthu za m’nyumbamo zinali zitamwazikamwazika nyumbayo isanagwe. Avigad ananenanso kuti: “Titaona zimenezi, tinakumbukira zimene Josephus anafotokoza zoti asilikali a Roma atagonjetsa mzindawo, anaba katundu.” Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati asilikali a Roma anagonjetsa Yerusalemu mu 70 C.E.

Anthu ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti mafupawo anali a mtsikana wa zaka 20. Iwo amati: “Panthawi imene asilikali a Roma anaukira mzindawo, mtsikanayo anali m’khitchini pamene nyumba yawo inagwira moto. Ndiyeno pothawa anagwa n’kufa pamene ankayesa kugwira masitepe a khomo lotulukira. Motowo unali utafalikira m’nyumba yonseyo . . . moti sakanatha kuthawa, ndipo atagwa  anakwiririka ndi zidutswa za khoma.”—Biblical Archaeology Review.

Zimenezi zimatikumbutsa ulosi wa Yesu wonena za Yerusalemu, womwe iye ananena zaka 40 izi zisanachitike. Anati: “Adani ako . . . adzakupasula kotheratu limodzi ndi ana ako amene ali mwa iwe, ndipo sadzasiya mwala pa mwala unzake mwa iwe.”—Luka 19:43, 44.

Zinthu zinanso zakale zosonyeza kuti Baibulo n’lolondola zimene akatswiri apeza ndi mayina a anthu otchulidwa m’Malemba. Zina mwa zinthuzi zasonyeza kuti otsutsa Baibulo ena sananene zoona kuti anthu ena otchulidwa m’Baibulo ndiponso kutchuka kwawo zinangopekedwa.

Mayina a M’Baibulo Ozokotedwa Pamiyala

M’mbuyomu, akatswiri ena otchuka ankanena kuti mfumu ya Asuri, Sarigoni Wachiwiri, amene dzina lake limapezeka m’Baibulo pa Yesaya 20:1, sanakhaleko. Koma mu 1843, ku Khorsabad m’dziko la Iraq pafupi ndi mtsinje wina womwe umathira mu mtsinje wa Tigirisi, anapeza bwinja la nyumba yachifumu ya Sarigoni [chithunzi 3]. Bwinja la nyumba imeneyi lili ndi mahekitala 10. Kale, anthu osadziwa chilichonse cha Baibulo sankamudziwa n’komwe Sarigoni Wachiwiri, koma panopa iye ndi mmodzi wa mafumu odziwika kwambiri a Asuri. Mu kaundula [chithunzi 4] wake iye ananena kuti analanda mzinda wa Samariya ku Isiraeli. Malinga ndi zimene Baibulo limanena, mzinda wa Samariya unagonjetsedwa ndi Asuri mu 740 B.C.E. Mu kaundula wake, Sarigoni ananenanso kuti analanda Asidodi ndipo zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi Yesaya 20:1.

Pofukula bwinja la mzinda wakale wa Babulo ku Iraq, pafupi ndi chipata cha Ishtar, akatswiri a zinthu zakale anapeza mapale pafupifupi 300 olembedwa. Pamapalewo panalembedwa mayina a anthu a m’nthawi imene Nebukadinezara anali mfumu ya Babulo, ndipo dzina lina linali lakuti “Yaukin, mfumu ya dziko la Yahud.” Dzina limeneli ndi la Mfumu Yoyakini ya Yuda, imene inatengedwera ku ukapolo ku Babulo pamene Nebukadinezara anagonjetsa Yerusalemu koyamba mu 617 B.C.E. (2 Mafumu 24:11-15) Ana aamuna asanu a Yoyakini amatchulidwanso pamapale amenewo.—1 Mbiri 3:17, 18.

Mu 2005, pamene akatswiri a zinthu zakale anali kufukula pa malo pamene ankaganiza kuti pangapezeke nyumba yachifumu ya Davide, anapeza bwinja la nyumba yaikulu ya miyala. Iwo akukhulupirira kuti nyumba imeneyi inawonongedwa pamene Ababulo anagonjetsa Yerusalemu zaka zoposa 2,600 zapitazo, nthawi ya mneneri wa Mulungu, Yeremiya. Sizikudziwika bwino ngati bwinjalo linali nyumba yachifumu ya Davide kapena ayi. Koma katswiri wina wa zinthu zakale, Eilat Mazar, anapeza pamalopo chinthu chimodzi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Anapeza dongo lodindidwa chidindo [chithunzi 5] kukula kwake sentimita imodzi ndipo linali ndi mawu akuti: “Mwini wake ndi Yehuchal mwana wa Shelemiyahu mwana wa Shovi.” Zikuoneka kuti chidindochi chinali cha Yehuchal (Yehukali kapena Yukali), Myuda wogwira ntchito ya boma yemwe Baibulo limati anatsutsa ntchito ya Yeremiya.—Yeremiya 37:3; 38:1-6.

Mazar ananena kuti Yehukali ndi “nduna yachiwiri” imene dzina lake linapezeka pa chidindo ku Mzinda wa Davide. Nduna yoyamba inali Gemariya, mwana wa Safani. Baibulo limatchula Yehukali, mwana wa Selemiya (Shelemiyahu), kuti anali kalonga wa Yuda. Chidindocho chisanapezeke, Yehukali ankangotchulidwa m’Malemba okha basi.

Kodi Aisiraeli Ankatha Kulemba ndi Kuwerenga?

Baibulo limasonyeza kuti ankatha kulemba ndi kuwerenga. (Numeri 5:23; Yoswa 24:26; Yesaya 10:19) Koma otsutsa Baibulo ankanena kuti kwenikweni  anthu ankangouzana ndi pakamwa nkhani za m’Baibulo, yomwe si njira yodalirika yofalitsira nkhani. Zimene ankanenazi si zoona chifukwa mu 2005, akatswiri a zinthu zakale amene anali kufukula ku Tel Zayit, pakati pa Yerusalemu ndi nyanja ya Mediterranean, anapeza afabeti yakale yozokotedwa pamwala, ndipo mwina ndi afabeti ya Chiheberi [chithunzi 6] yakale kwambiri imene inapezekapo.

Afabeti imene anapeza inali ya zaka za m’ma 900 B.C.E., ndipo akatswiri ena a maphunziro amati zimene zinapezekazi zimasonyeza kuti anthu nthawi imeneyo ankachita “maphunziro a ulembi,” anali ndi “chikhalidwe chapamwamba,” ndipo “ntchito za boma ku Yerusalemu zinali kupita patsogolo.” Choncho, mosiyana ndi zimene otsutsa ankanena, zikuoneka kuti pofika m’ma 900 B.C.E., Aisiraeli anali akudziwa kale kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndipo akanatha kulemba okha mbiri yawo.

Zolemba za Asuri

Ufumu wa Asuri, womwe panthawi ina unali wamphamvu kwambiri, umatchulidwatchulidwa m’Baibulo. Ndipo zimene akatswiri a zinthu zakale apeza kumeneko, zimasonyeza kuti Malemba ndi olondola. Mwachitsanzo, pofukula pa malo amene panali mzinda wakale wa Nineve, likulu la Asuri, anapeza mwala wosema [chithunzi 7] m’nyumba yachifumu ya Sanakeribu, umene umasonyeza zithunzi za asilikali a Asuri akutengera Ayuda kuukapolo, mzinda wa Lakisi utagonjetsedwa mu 732 B.C.E. Mungawerenge nkhaniyi m’Baibulo pa 2 Mafumu 18:13-15.

Kaundula wa Sanakeribu [chithunzi 8], amene anapezeka ku Nineve, amafotokoza nkhondo imene iye anamenya nthawi imene Hezekiya, yemwe kaundulayo amatchulanso, anali mfumu ku Yuda. Zolemba zakale za olamulira osiyanasiyana zimatchula mafumu a ku Yuda monga Ahazi ndi Manase ndiponso mafumu a ku Isiraeli monga Omri, Yehu, Yoasi, Menahemu ndi Hoseya.

M’kaundula wakeyo, Sanakeribu ananena monyadira za kupambana kwake pankhondo, koma n’zochititsa chidwi kuti sanatchulepo kuti anagonjetsa Yerusalemu. Zimenezi zimasonyeza bwino kuti Baibulo ndi lolondola chifukwa limanena kuti mfumu Sanakeribu sinagonjetsepo Yerusalemu koma iyeyo ndiye anagonjetsedwa ndi Mulungu. Pambuyo pake, ali ndi manyazi, Sanakeribu anabwerera ku Nineve komwe Baibulo limati anaphedwa ndi ana ake. (Yesaya 37:33-38) Ndipo ndi zosangalatsa kuti miyala iwiri yolembedwa ndi Asuri imanenanso zimenezi.

Chifukwa chakuti anthu a ku Nineve anali oipa kwambiri, aneneri a Yehova, Nahumu ndi Zefaniya, ananeneratu za kuwonongedwa kwa mzindawu. (Nahumu 1:1; 2:8–3:19; Zefaniya 2:13-15) Ulosi wawo unakwaniritsidwa pamene Nabopolassar, mfumu ya ku Babulo, ndi Cyaxares, mfumu ya Amedi, anagonjetsa Nineve mu 632 B.C.E. Zinthu zimene zapezedwa m’bwinja la mzindawu zimasonyezanso kuti nkhani za m’Baibulo n’zoona.

 Pofukula ku mzinda wakale wa Nuzi, kum’mawa kwa mtsinje wa Tigirisi ndiponso kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Nineve, m’zaka za pakati pa 1925 ndi 1931, anapeza zinthu zakale zambiri, kuphatikizapo mapale adongo pafupifupi 20,000. Mapalewa analembedwa m’chinenero cha ku Babulo ndipo amafotokoza zinthu zambiri monga zamalamulo zimene n’zofanana ndi za m’nthawi ya makolo akale zotchulidwa m’buku la Genesis. Mwachitsanzo, mapalewa amasonyeza kuti milungu ya pabanja, yomwe nthawi zambiri inali zidole zadongo, inali umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu amene wapatsidwa milunguyo ndiye woyenera kulandira cholowa. Mwina n’chifukwa chake mkazi wa Yakobo, Rakele, anaba milungu, kapena kuti “aterafi,” ya bambo ake Labani pamene banja la Yakobo linasamuka. Ndiponso, mwina n’chifukwa chake Labani anafunafuna kwambiri aterafiwo.—Genesis 31:14-16, 19, 25-35.

Ulosi wa Yesaya ndi Mwala Wozungulira wa Koresi

Zimene zinalembedwa pa mwala wakale wozungulira, womwe uli pamwamba chakumanjawu, zimagwirizana ndi nkhani ina ya m’Baibulo. Mwalawu umadziwika kuti Mwala Wozungulira wa Koresi [chithunzi 9], ndipo unapezedwa pa malo pamene panali mzinda wa Sippar pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Firate, pafupifupi makilomita 32 kuchokera ku Baghdad. Mwalawu umafotokoza kuti Koresi Wamkulu, yemwe anayambitsa Ufumu wa Perisiya, anagonjetsa Babulo. N’zodabwitsa kuti zaka pafupifupi 200 izi zisanachitike, Yehova, kudzera mwa mneneri wake Yesaya, ananena za wolamulira wa Amedi ndi Aperisi yemwe anali kudzatchedwa Koresi kuti: “Iye ndiye mbusa wanga, ndipo adzachita zofuna zanga zonse; ndi kunena za Yerusalemu, Adzamangidwa.”—Yesaya 13:1, 17-19; 44:26–45:3.

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti mwala umenewu umatchula za mfundo za Koresi zolola akapolo a mu ufumu wogonjetsedwa kubwerera kwawo, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo za olamulira ena akale. Baibulo ndi mabuku a mbiri yakale amanena kuti Koresi anamasuladi Ayuda, ndipo atamasulidwa anapita kukamanganso Yerusalemu.—2 Mbiri 36:23; Ezara 1:1-4.

Akatswiri ambiri ayamba kuchita chidwi ndi sayansi yatsopano ya zinthu zakale zokhudzana ndi Baibulo ndipo sayansi imeneyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Monga mmene taonera, zinthu zambiri zimene asayansi ya zinthu zakale apeza zimatsimikizira kuti Baibulo ndi lodalirika ndiponso lolondola ngakhale pa zinthu zazing’ono.

NGATI MUKUFUNA KUDZIWA ZAMBIRI

Kodi Baibulo lingakuthandizeni kukhala wosangalala ndiponso kukhala ndi cholinga pamoyo? DVD iyi yakuti The Bible​—⁠A Book of Fact and Prophecy (Baibulo Ndi Buku la Mfundo Zoona ndi la Ulosi) imayankha funso limeneli ndipo ili ndi nkhani zabwino za mafunso.​—⁠Ili m’zinenero 32.

Baibulo​—⁠Kodi Ndilo Mawu a Mulungu Kapena a Munthu?

Kodi mukufuna umboni wina wotsimikizira kuti Baibulo si buku la nthano chabe ndiponso silidzitsutsa? Kodi zozizwitsa zotchulidwa m’Baibulo zinachitikadi? Dziwerengereni nokha nkhani ngati zimenezi m’buku la masamba 192 ili.​—⁠Lili m’zinenero 56.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Alexander the Great: Roma, Musei Capitolini

Kodi Baibulo Limaphunzitsa Chiyani Kwenikweni?

Machaputala 19 a m’buku lophunzirira ili ali ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri za m’Baibulo ndipo amafotokoza cholinga cha Mulungu cha dziko lapansi ndi anthu.​—⁠Tsopano lili m’zinenero 162.

Bukhu Langa la Nkhani za Baibulo

Buku la zithunzi zokongola ili linalembedwera ana, ndipo limafotokoza nkhani 116 zokhudza anthu ndi zochitika motsatira nthawi imene zinachitika.​—⁠Lili m’zinenero 194.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Coins: Generously Donated by Company for Reconstruction & Development of Jewish Quarter, Jerusalem Old City

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Society for Exploration of Land of Israel and its Antiquities ▸

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]

3: Musée du Louvre, Paris; 4: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; 5: Gabi Laron/Institute of Archaeology/Hebrew University © Eilat Mazar

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6: AP Photo/Keith Srakocic; 7, 8: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

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Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum