Dzuwa Linafiira Ngati Magazi

KWA miyezi ingapo m’nyengo yotentha m’chaka cha 1783, m’mayiko ambiri a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kunali fumbi lodabwitsa. Panthawiyi dzuwa linafiira ngati magazi, zomera zinauma, ndipo anthu ambiri anafa. Akuti fumbi limeneli linapha anthu masauzande ambiri ku France ndi ku England. Anthu ambiri anadwala moti alimi ankavutika kupeza antchito okolola mbewu zimene sizinakhudzidwe ndi tsokali.

Buku lina linanena kuti fumbili linali “limodzi mwa masoka achilengedwe oopsa kwambiri omwe achitika m’zaka 1,000 zapitazi.” Komabe, panthawiyi anthu a ku Iceland okha ndi amene ankadziwa chimene chinachititsa tsokali. Chinachititsa tsokali ndi kuphulika kwa ziphalaphala zotentha kwambiri za pansi panthaka. Akatswiri akuti tsoka lotereli limachitika pakapita zaka zambiri. Dziko la Iceland ndi limene linakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi tsokali chifukwa anthu pafupifupi 20 pa anthu 100 alionse a m’dzikoli anafa.

Kuphulika kwa Phiri la Laki

Pa June 8, 1783, anthu okhala m’dera la kum’mwera kwa dziko la Iceland, anaona zizindikiro zoyamba zochititsa mantha kwambiri zosonyeza kuti phiri la Laki latsala pang’ono kuphulika. Popeza kuti anthu m’mayiko ambiri anaona zimene zinkachitika, akatswiri akwanitsa kulemba mapu osonyeza mmene ziphalaphalazo zinkayendera tsiku ndi tsiku. M’modzi mwa anthu amene anaona zimenezi zikuchitika ku Iceland, dzina lake Jón Steingrímsson, ananena kuti anaona “chimtambo chakuda” chikubwera kuchokera kumpoto. Pasanapite nthawi yayitali kunali chimdima ndipo pansi ponse panali phulusa lokhalokha. Kenako kunayamba kuchitika zivomezi. Iye ananena kuti mlungu wotsatira “ziphalaphala zotentha kwambiri zinayamba kukhuthuka kuchokera m’chigwa cha mtsinje wa Skaftá ndipo zinakwirira chilichonse chimene chinali m’njira imene ziphalaphalazo zinadutsa. Steingrímsson analemba zonse zimene zinachitika m’miyezi 8 yotsatizana.

Chomwe chinachititsa tsokali n’chakuti nthaka inang’ambika mtunda wa makilomita 25 ndipo pa chimng’alu chachikulu kwambiri chimenechi panatuluka ziphalaphala zimene m’litali mwake zinali makilomita 15, m’lifupi makilomita 15 ndiponso makilomita 15 kupita m’mwamba. Kenako chiphalaphalachi chitauma chinasanduka chimwala cholimba kwambiri. Ziphalaphalazi zinali zambiri kuposa zimene zinaphulikapo m’mbuyo monsemo. Ziphalaphala zotentha zinaphulika n’kupita m’mwamba kwambiri ndipo zina mwa ziphalaphala zimenezi zinayenda panthaka, mtunda wa makilomita 80 kuchokera pamene zinaphulikira ndipo zinakuta malo aakulu makilomita 580 m’litali ndi m’lifupi. Zina zinakwirira mtsinje wa Skaftá.

M’chaka chotsatira, phulusa ndi poizoni zomwe zinatsalira mu udzu wambiri ku Iceland zinapha ng’ombe zoposa 50 pa 100 zilizonse komanso mahatchi ndi nkhosa pafupifupi 80 pa 100 zilizonse. Njala inali paliponse. Ziphalaphalazi zitaphulika, zinatulutsa matani pafupifupi 122 miliyoni a mpweya woipa. * Mpweyawu utakumana ndi madzi komanso zinthu zina unapanga pafupifupi matani 200 miliyoni a fumbi la poizoni.

Mayiko Ena Anakhudzidwanso

Panyengo yotentha imeneyi, mphepo inanyamula mpweya woipa n’kuupititsa kutali kwambiri. Akuti ku Britain ndi ku France anthu anaona “utsi ndi fumbi zochititsa mantha” zimene anali asanazionepo chiyambire. Mpweyawu unali wonunkha kwambiri ndipo unachititsa kuti anthu azidwala matenda a m’mapapo, m’mimba mwa  kamwazi, kupweteka kwa mutu, zilonda za m’maso ndi pakhosi, ndi matenda ena ambiri. Mpweyawu unapha ana ndi akulu omwe.

Lipoti lina ku Germany linati, usiku umodzi wokha mpweyawu unachititsa kuti masamba a mitengo ya m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Eks aume. Ku England, zomera zambiri kuphatikizapo ndiwo zakudimba zinauma ndipo zinkangokhala ngati zapsa ndi moto. Zinthu zimenezi zinachitikanso ku France, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Scandinavia ndi ku Slovakia. Komanso fumbi loopsali linafikanso ku mayiko akutali monga ku Portugal, Tunisia, Syria, Russia, kumadzulo kwa China komanso ku Newfoundland.

Fumbili linatchinga dzuwa ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kunja kuzizizira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1784, mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya anayamba kuzizira kuposa mmene ankazizirira m’zaka za m’ma 1750. Ku Iceland kunayambanso kuzizira kwambiri kuposa mmene kunkazizirira poyamba. Ku North America, nyengo yozizira ya m’chaka cha 1783 ndi 1784 inali yozizira kwambiri moti madzi oundana “ankayandama mu mtsinje wa Mississippi . . . ndiponso ku nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico.”

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti anthu a mtundu wa Kauwerak, omwe amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko la Alaska, alipo ochepa kwambiri masiku ano chifukwa chakuti ambiri anafa ndi njala yaikulu imene inachitika chifukwa cha fumbili. Atafufuza mitengo ya kuderali, akatswiri ena anapeza kuti chaka cha 1783 chinali chozizira kwambiri kuposa zaka 400 m’mbuyomo. Ndipo anthu a mtunduwu amanena kuti panali chaka china pamene nyengo yotentha inafika mu June, ndipo kenako kunazizira kwambiri ndiponso kunali njala.

Anthu a ku Iceland Saiwala

Anthu m’mayiko ambiri anaiwala za tsoka lachilengedwe limene linachitika mu 1783, mwina chifukwa chakuti papita zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene tsokali linachitika komanso chifukwa chakuti ambiri sadziwa chimene chinachititsa tsokali. Komabe, anthu a ku Iceland saiwala m’pang’ono pomwe ndipo amaona kuti tsokali ndi lalikulu kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya dzikolo.

Anthu ena amanena kuti tsokali linali chilango cha Mulungu. Koma Baibulo limasonyeza kuti maganizo amenewa ndi olakwika. (Yakobe 1:13) Mulungu salanga anthu abwino ndi oipa omwe mosasankha, chifukwa “njira zake zonse ndi chiweruzo [zolungama].” (Deuteronomo 32:4) Mulungu adzasonyeza kwambiri chilungamo posachedwa pamene adzathetsa mavuto a anthu. Baibulo limanena kuti Mulungu ali ndi cholinga chothetsa zinthu zonse zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu azivutika ndiponso kufa, kuphatikizapo masoka achilengedwe.—Yesaya 25:8; Chivumbulutso 21:3, 4.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi pamasamba 14, 15]

Chithunzi chosonyeza malo amene panaphulikira ziphalaphala

[Chithunzi pamasamba 14, 15]

Ziphalaphala zotentha kwambiri

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Chithunzi cha dziko la Iceland chojambulidwa m’mlengalenga

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 14]

Lava fountain: © Tom Pfeiffer; aerial photo: U.S. Geological Survey; satellite photo: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC